The first stage in the transmission of a car with a manual gearbox is the clutch.
It transmits engine
power to the gearbox, and allows transmission to be interrupted while a
gear is selected to move off from a stationary position, or when gears
are changed while the car is moving.
Most cars use a friction clutch operated either by fluid (hydraulic) or, more commonly, by a cable.
When a car is moving under power, the clutch is engaged. A pressure
plate bolted to the flywheel exerts constant force, by means of a
diaphragm spring, on the driven plate.
Earlier cars have a series of coil springs at the back of the pressure plate, instead of a diaphragm spring.
The driven (or friction) plate runs on a splined input shaft, through
which the power is transmitted to the gearbox. The plate has friction
linings, similar to brake linings, on both its faces. This allows the drive to be taken up smoothly when the clutch is engaged.
When the clutch is disengaged (pedal depressed), an arm pushes a
release bearing against the centre of the diaphragm spring which
releases the clamping pressure.
The outer part of the pressure plate, which has a large friction
surface, then no longer clamps the driven plate to the flywheel, so the
transmission of power is interrupted and gears can be changed.
When the clutch pedal is released, the thrust bearing is withdrawn
and the diaphragm-spring load once again clamps the driven plate to the
flywheel to resume the transmission of power.
Some cars have a hydraulically operated clutch. Pressure on the
clutch pedal inside the car activates a piston in a master cylinder,
which transmits the pressure through a fluid-filled pipe to a slave
cylinder mounted on the clutch housing.
The slave-cylinder piston is connected to the clutch release arm.
Parts of the clutch
The modern clutch has four main components: the cover plate (which
incorporates a diaphragm spring), the pressure plate, the driven plate,
and the release bearing.
The cover plate is bolted to the flywheel, and the pressure plate
exerts pressure on the driven plate through the diaphragm spring or
through coil springs on earlier cars.
The driven plate runs on a splined shaft between the pressure plate and flywheel.
It is faced on each side with a friction material which grips the
pressure plate and flywheel when fully engaged, and can slip by a
controlled amount when the clutch pedal is partially depressed, allowing
the drive to be taken up smoothly.
The release bearing is pushed hard against the diaphragm spring,
either hydraulically or by a cable and lever, and releases spring load
to interrupt power transmission
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By:Prayag nao An internal expanding brake consists of two shoes S 1 and S 2 . The outer surface of the shoes are lined with some friction material (usually with Ferodo) to increase the coefficient of friction and to prevent wearing away of the metal. Each shoe is pivoted at one end about a fixed fulcrum O 1 and O 2 and made to contact a cam at the other end. When the cam rotates, the shoes are pushed outwards against the rim of the drum. The friction between the shoes and the drum produces the braking torque and hence reduces the speed of the drum. The shoes are normally held in off position by a spring . The drum encloses the entire mechanism to keep out dust and moisture. This type of brake is commonly used in motor cars and light trucks. We shall now consider the forces acting on such a brake, when the drum rotates in the anticlockwise direction . It may be noted that for the anticlockwise direction, the left hand shoe is known as leading or primary shoe
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