The first stage in the transmission of a car with a manual gearbox is the clutch.
It transmits engine
power to the gearbox, and allows transmission to be interrupted while a
gear is selected to move off from a stationary position, or when gears
are changed while the car is moving.
Most cars use a friction clutch operated either by fluid (hydraulic) or, more commonly, by a cable.
When a car is moving under power, the clutch is engaged. A pressure
plate bolted to the flywheel exerts constant force, by means of a
diaphragm spring, on the driven plate.
Earlier cars have a series of coil springs at the back of the pressure plate, instead of a diaphragm spring.
The driven (or friction) plate runs on a splined input shaft, through
which the power is transmitted to the gearbox. The plate has friction
linings, similar to brake linings, on both its faces. This allows the drive to be taken up smoothly when the clutch is engaged.
When the clutch is disengaged (pedal depressed), an arm pushes a
release bearing against the centre of the diaphragm spring which
releases the clamping pressure.
The outer part of the pressure plate, which has a large friction
surface, then no longer clamps the driven plate to the flywheel, so the
transmission of power is interrupted and gears can be changed.
When the clutch pedal is released, the thrust bearing is withdrawn
and the diaphragm-spring load once again clamps the driven plate to the
flywheel to resume the transmission of power.
Some cars have a hydraulically operated clutch. Pressure on the
clutch pedal inside the car activates a piston in a master cylinder,
which transmits the pressure through a fluid-filled pipe to a slave
cylinder mounted on the clutch housing.
The slave-cylinder piston is connected to the clutch release arm.
Parts of the clutch
The modern clutch has four main components: the cover plate (which
incorporates a diaphragm spring), the pressure plate, the driven plate,
and the release bearing.
The cover plate is bolted to the flywheel, and the pressure plate
exerts pressure on the driven plate through the diaphragm spring or
through coil springs on earlier cars.
The driven plate runs on a splined shaft between the pressure plate and flywheel.
It is faced on each side with a friction material which grips the
pressure plate and flywheel when fully engaged, and can slip by a
controlled amount when the clutch pedal is partially depressed, allowing
the drive to be taken up smoothly.
The release bearing is pushed hard against the diaphragm spring,
either hydraulically or by a cable and lever, and releases spring load
to interrupt power transmission
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By:Prayag nao Spur Gears: Spur gears are the most common type used. Tooth contact is primarily rolling, with sliding occurring during engagement and disengagement. Some noise is normal, but it may become objectionable at high speeds. Rack and Pinion. Rack and pinion gears are essentially a linear shaped variation of spur gears The spur rack is a portion of a spur gear with an infinite radius. Internal Ring Gear: Internal gear is a cylindrical shaped gear with the meshing teeth inside or outside a circular ring. Often used with a spur gear. Internal ring gears may be used within a planetary gear arrangement. ...
The most common tool to access a life source like water — this innovation boasts of none of the accolades that modern machines enjoy. Yet the simplicity and efficiency of design drives a sea of devices that permeate our lives at home and in industries. The unsung hero that India should be particularly proud of is called India Mark II. A human-powered pump designed to lift water from a depth of 50 m or less, it is the world’s most widely used water hand pump. It was designed in 1970 through the joint efforts of the government of India, UNICEF and WHO. Its purpose was to address the deathly problem of paucity of water and draught in rural areas of developing nations. By the mid 1990s, five million of the pumps had been manufactured and installed around the world. Hand Pump Parts: Handle Pump rod water outlet Piston Piston valve Foot valve Rising main Suction lift What does it do? Simply defined, hand pumps are manually operated pumps that use human power and ...
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